The Kermadecs conundrum: marine protected areas and democratic process
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26686/pq.v13i2.4660Keywords:
Marine protected areas (MPAs), Kermadec Ocean Sanctuary Bill, fisheries management areas (FMAs), quota management system, Treaty of Waitangi (Fisheries Claims) Settlement Act, customary fishing rights, commercial fishing rights, marine biodiversity, lack of consultationAbstract
Marine protected areas (MPAs) are on the increase. Their creation is heralded as a significant response to severe marine degradation caused by fishing, mining, pollution and climate change. However, MPAs are highly controversial as they can override other competing interests, and their creation has become fraught. Sometimes this is about historic or ongoing disenfranchisement; often it has to do with a lack of transparency in the development processes (Warne, 2016).
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