Transformative shifts in early childhood education systems after four decades of neoliberalism
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26686/nzaroe.v28.8592Abstract
Aotearoa New Zealand’s policy shifts to an integrated system of early childhood education (ECE), its development of a bicultural curriculum for all children from birth to five years, and its progress towards a fully qualified, equitably paid, ECE teaching workforce, have partially transformed the ECE system. But there is still much to do. Four decades of neoliberalism have led to the rise of financialised corporate ECE, and weakened the sustainability of community and public provision. This paper analyses the people, politics and processes that facilitated and hindered reform, and proposes policy measures needed to make substantive transformations to a high quality, public and democratic ECE system.
Downloads
References
Anderson, G. (1991). The Employment Contracts Act 1991: An employers charter? New Zealand Journal of Industrial Relations, 16(2), 127-142. https://doi.org/10.26686/nzjir.v16i2.3104
Bushouse, B. (2008). Early childhood education policy in Aotearoa / New Zealand: The creation of the 20 hours free programme. Fulbright New Zealand. https://www.fulbright.org.nz/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/axford2008_bushouse.pdf
Dalli, C. (1992). Policy agendas for children's lives. New Zealand Journal of Educational Studies, 27(1), 53-67.
Dalli, C. (1993). Is Cinderella back among the cinders? A review of early childhood education in the early 1990s. New Zealand Annual Review of Education, 3. Victoria University of Wellington. https://doi.org/10.26686/nzaroe.v0i3.1078
Davison, C. (1997). Kindergartens and their removal from the State Sector Act. New Zealand Annual Review of Education, 7. Victoria University of Wellington. https://doi.org/10.26686/nzaroe.v0i7.1161
Davison, C., & Mitchell, L. (2009). The role of the state in early childhood education: Kindergartens as a case study of changing relationships. New Zealand Annual Review of Education, 18. Victoria University of Wellington https://doi.org/10.26686/nzaroe.v0i18.1550
Early Childhood Education Project. (1996). Future directions: Early childhood education in New Zealand. New Zealand Educational Institute Te Riu Roa.
Gallagher, A. (2022). Childcare provision in neoliberal times: The marketization of care (1st ed.). Bristol University Press.
Hipkins, C. (2017). Terms of reference: Development of a strategic plan for early learning. http://www.education.govt.nz/assets/Documents/Ministry/consultations/Strategic-Plan-ToR.pdf
Kelsey, J. (1997). The New Zealand experiment: A world model for structural adjustment? Auckland, New Zealand. Bridget Williams Books. https://doi.org/10.7810/9781869401306
Kindergartens Aotearoa. (2023, May 18). Early childhood education – A tangible and positive difference for children.
Kronast, H. (2023, November 12). Five Discoveries Educare ECE centres forced to close after failing to meet standards, all but one left.
Lange, D. (1989). Before five. New Zealand Government.
Lloyd, E., & Penn, H. (Eds.). (2012). Childcare markets: Can they deliver an equitable service. Policy Press.
Luxton, Jo. (2023, June 19). Government responds to ECE concerns. https://www.beehive.govt.nz/release/government-responds-ece-concerns
Luxton, John (1994, July 29). Address to the NZFKA annual conference, Wellington.
Maharey, S. (2007, July 3). Celebrate the start of 20 hours free ECE. https://www.beehive.govt.nz/release/celebrate-start-20-hours-free-ece-0
May, H. (1992). After 'Before Five': The politics of early childhood care and education in the nineties. New Zealand Women's Studies Journal, 8(2), 83-100.
May, H. (1999). The Price of partnership: The "Before Five" decade. New Zealand Journal of Educational Studies, 34(1), 18-27.
May, H. (2001). Politics in the playground: The world of early childhood in postwar New Zealand. Bridget Williams Books with the New Zealand Council for Educational Research.
May, H. (2008). Towards the right of New Zealand children for free early childhood education. International Journal of Child Care and Education Policy, 2(1), 77-91. https://doi.org/10.1007/2288-6729-2-1-77
May, H. (2009). Politics in the playground: The world of early childhood education in New Zealand (2nd ed.). Otago University Press.
May, H., & Mitchell, L. (2009). Strengthening community-based early childhood education in Aotearoa New Zealand. New Zealand Educational Institute.
May, H., & Mitchell, L. (2018). "Turning the Tide": Suggestions for discussion. Paper presented to Strategic Plan Reference Group.
Meade, A. (1990). Women and children gain a foot in the door. New Zealand Women's Studies Journal, 6(1/2), 96-111.
Ministry of Education. (1995, October 10). Report on the direct (bulk funding) of kindergartens to the Education and Science Select Committee.
Ministry of Education. (2002). Pathways to the future: Ngā huarahi arataki. Ministry of Education.
Ministry of Education. (2019). He taonga te tamaiti: Every child a taonga. Early learning action plan 2019-2029. Ministry of Education.
https://conversation-space.s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/SES_0342_ELS_10YP_Final+Report_Web.pdf
Mitchell, L. (1996). Crossroads – Early childhood education in the mid-1990s. New Zealand Annual Review of Education, 5. Victoria University of Wellington. https://doi.org/10.26686/nzaroe.v0i5.1113
Mitchell, L. (2001). Bulk funding of New Zealand's early childhood services: An analysis of the impact. NZCER Distribution Services.
Mitchell, L. (2007). A new debate about children and childhood. Could it make a difference to early childhood pedagogy and policy? (Unpublished doctoral thesis). Victoria University of Wellington. http://researcharchive.vuw.ac.nz/handle/10063/347
Mitchell, L. (2019). The politics of Future Directions: A political polemic. In S. Middleton & H. May (Eds.), For women and children: A tribute to Geraldine McDonald (pp. 140-148). NZCER Press.
Mitchell, L., Botes, V., & Kamenarac, O. (In preparation). Financial operation, governance structures and funding of education and care centres and kindergartens.
Mitchell, L., Clarkin-Phillips, J., Kahuroa, R., & Kamenarac, O. (2022). Submission of supplementary order paper on Education and Training Amendment Bill No 2.
Mitchell, L., Meagher-Lundberg, P., Davison, C., Kara, H., & Kalavite, T. (2016). Early childhood education participation programme evaluation: Stage 3. https://www.educationcounts.govt.nz/publications/ECE/ece-participation-programme-evaluation-delivery-of-ece-participation-initiatives-stage-3
Mitchell, L., Meagher-Lundberg, P., Mara, D., Cubey, P., & Whitford, M. (2011). Locality-based evaluation of Pathways to the Future – Ngā Huarahi Arataki. Integrated report 2004, 2006 and 2009.
https://thehub.swa.govt.nz/assets/documents/41440_ECE-Strategic-Plan-web_0.pdf
New Zealand Government. (1991). The employment contracts act (1991 No 2). http://www.nzlii.org/nz/legis/hist_act/eca19911991n22280/
Nippert, M. (2022, August 3). ‘Inland Revenue check on donation results in extra charges for company-turned-charity Best Start Educare.’ Bay of Plenty Times. www.bayofplentytimes.co.nz
Simon, A., Penn, H., Shah, A., Owen, C., Lloyd, E., Hollingworth, K., & Quy, K. (2022). Acquisitions, mergers and debt: The new language of childcare – Main Report. UCL Social Research Institute, University College London. https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10142357
Te Rito Maioha Early Childhood New Zealand. (2023). ECE budget promised a Ferrari but delivered a lemon.
https://ecnz.ac.nz/Public/News/Articles/ECE-budget-promised-a-Ferrari-but-delivered-a-lemon.aspx
Trevett, C. (2007, April 27). ‘Preschool plan “Dangerous.”’ New Zealand Herald.
United Workers Union. (2022). “Spitting off cash”: Where does all the money go in Australia's early learning sector?
https://bigsteps.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/spitting-off-cash-uwu-report.pdf
Vandenbroeck, M., Lehrer, J., & Mitchell, L. (2023). The decommodification of early childhood education and care: Resisting neoliberalism. Routledge.
Walters, L. (2020, December 3). Big private childcare company grows while teachers struggle. https://www.newsroom.co.nz/private-education-company-grows-while-teachers-struggle
Wells, C. (1999). Future Directions: Shaping early childhood policy for the 21st century - a personal perspective. In I. Livingstone (Ed.), New Zealand Annual Review of Education, 8. Victoria University of Wellington. https://doi.org/10.26686/nzaroe.v0i8.1368
Work and Income Te Hiranga Tangata. (2020). Covid-19 wage subsidies — Employer search. https://services.workandincome.govt.nz/eps/search
Wylie, C. (1992). First Impressions: The initial impact of salary bulk funding on New Zealand kindergartens. New Zealand Council for Educational Research.
Wylie, C. (1993). The impact of salary bulk funding on New Zealand kindergartens. New Zealand Council for Educational Research.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
The Author(s) retain ownership of the copyright in the Article but hereby grant the Publisher an exclusive license to publish the article.
NZAROE gives authors full permission to deposit their articles in publicly accessible institutional repositories, providing that:
- Articles are placed in repositories after publication.
- Metadata about articles include the DOI and journal issue information.