Techno-economic analysis of hybrid wave energy and floating photovoltaic systems in remote islands: A case study in Indonesia

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DOI:

https://doi.org/10.26686/ases.v1.9913

Keywords:

Hybrid electricity generation, Renewable energy, Floating PV, Wave energy, Remote island communities

Abstract

Remote islands in Indonesia continue to face significant challenges in achieving reliable and sustainable electricity access, with diesel-based systems dominating energy supply despite high operational costs, limited availability, and environmental drawbacks. This research investigated the techno-economic feasibility of two renewable energy configurations for achieving 24-hour electrification on remote islands, using Pulau Enggano as a representative case. Scenario 1 combines a floating photovoltaic (FPV) system, a wave energy converter (WEC), and battery storage, while Scenario 2 relies solely on FPV and battery systems. Using the System Advisor Model (SAM) of NREL for performance simulation and an annuitizing method for Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) analysis, both systems were designed to meet hourly and annual energy demands. Scenario 1 achieved an LCOE of USD 306/MWh, offering a more stable supply profile with reduced battery cycling. Scenario 2, though technically sufficient, resulted in a higher LCOE of USD 382/MWh due to larger storage requirements. Both scenarios were compared against the adjusted diesel generation cost of USD 246/MWh. Sensitivity analysis revealed that WACC and CAPEX are the most influential factors on economic performance, particularly for Scenario 2. Battery cost uncertainty also significantly impacted the LCOE of the battery-dependent system. This study concludes that hybrid renewable energy systems leveraging both solar and marine resources can deliver continuous power more economically and reliably than solar-only alternatives, especially when supported by appropriate financing mechanisms. The research highlights the need for targeted policy support—such as subsidy reforms and capital incentives—to enhance the competitiveness of clean energy in Indonesia's remote regions. Future research is recommended to assess the role of bioenergy alternatives like palm oil biodiesel and to expand real-world resource validation using long-term time series data.

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Author Biography

Alan Brent, Te Herenga Waka Victoria University of Wellington

Alan Brent is a Professor and the inaugural holder of the Chair in Sustainable Energy Systems in Te Wāhanga a Manaia—Faculty of Science and Engineering at Te Herenga Waka Victoria University of Wellington. He holds Bachelor degrees in Engineering (Chemical) and Philosophy (Sustainable Development); Master degrees in Science (Environmental Engineering), Engineering (Technology Management), and Philosophy (Sustainable Development); and a PhD in Engineering Management. He is a Fellow of Engineering New Zealand, and a member of the IEEE Power and Energy Society. More information on his research can be found on his ORCID profile (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3769-4512), and LinkedIn profile (https://www.linkedin.com/in/alanbrent/).

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Published

2025-08-29

How to Cite

Rufinaldo, R., & Brent, A. (2025). Techno-economic analysis of hybrid wave energy and floating photovoltaic systems in remote islands: A case study in Indonesia. Archives of Sustainable Energy Systems, 1. https://doi.org/10.26686/ases.v1.9913